\u3010Overview\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Citrus aurantium flavonoids are extracted from Citrus aurantium. It has pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral, anticancer and antitumor, anti-inflammatory, regulating immune activity, treating cardiovascular diseases, detoxifying and protecting the liver, affecting endocrine and metabolism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u3010source\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n
“Citrus aurantium” is one of the commonly used drugs in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine. It was first recorded in “Shen Nong’s Materia Medica” “Citrus aurantium grows in rivers and rivers, and in the valleys of Shangzhou where the shells are accumulated. Today, it is found in all Jianghuzhou counties in the west of Beijing, and those in Shangzhou are the most common.” good. It is as small as an orange, five to seven feet high, with leaves like roots and many thorns. White flowers bloom in spring and mature in autumn. Collect in September and October and dry in the shade. Those picked in July and August are solid, and those picked in September and October are shells. Nowadays, doctors mostly regard those with thick and small skin as accumulation, and those with full and large skin as shell. They all regard those with a turned-up belly like the lips of a basin and need to be aged for a long time as the winner. Those who come from shortcuts are commonly called smelly oranges and cannot be used. “Citrus aurantium has the effect of breaking up qi, eliminating accumulation, resolving phlegm and dispersing pimples, and is used to treat internal stagnation, fullness and pain, heavy diarrhea, constipation, chest knot, gastroptosis, prolapse, uterine prolapse and other diseases’ .<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u3010Element\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The flavonoids in Citrus aurantium mainly include orange peel, naringin, neohesperidin, sour orange, bitter orange, citrin, bitter orange, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[Physical and chemical properties]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(1) Most flavonoids are crystalline solids, and a few are amorphous powders. Most of the molecular structures of flavonoids contain phenolic light groups, so they have the properties of phenolic compounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(2) In addition, there are often pyridone rings or carbon groups in the molecules, which constitute the basic structure of the chromophore. According to the number of hydroxyl groups, the binding position and the cross-conjugation system, the color of flavonoids is determined. Flavones, flavonols and their glycosides are mostly grayish-yellow to yellow. The non-cross-conjugated conjugated systems of dihydroflavones and dihydroflavoneols generally do not develop color; isoflavones have a shorter conjugated system and are slightly yellow in color due to anthocyanins. Related to it, colors such as red, purple, and blue will appear under different conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(3) For flavonoid aglycones, dihydroflavones, dihydroflavoneols, flavanols, dihydroisoflavones and their derivatives containing asymmetric carbon atoms in the molecule are optically active, while the remaining aglycones are non-optically active. The molecules containing sugar in the structure of flavonoid glycosides all contain optical rotation, and most of them are left-handed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(4) The solubility of flavonoids varies greatly depending on the structure and existing state of glycosides or aglycones, monoglycosides, diglycosides or triglycosides. Generally, free aglycones are difficult to dissolve in water, and are easily soluble in organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. However, flavonoid glycosides are generally easily soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, and other polar solvents, and are poorly soluble or insoluble in benzene, chloroform, etc. Organic solvents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(5) Most flavonoids have strong fluorescence and appear bright yellow, yellow-green, bright blue, dark brown and other colors under ultraviolet light.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(6) Flavonoids react bright red, purple or yellow to magnesium hydrochloride powder or amalgam. Those with 3-OH, 5-OH or ortho-hydroxyl groups in the structure can form darker complexes with metal salt reagents such as aluminum salts, magnesium salts, gill salts, iron salts, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u3010Pharmacological effects\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. Antioxidant flavonoids have strong antioxidant effects, and their main mechanisms of action are as follows: \u2460 Effects on enzymes in the body. Many oxidases in the body are related to the generation of free radicals. Flavonoids combine with oxidases through specific selection, affecting the shape and conformation of the enzyme, thereby inhibiting the activity of the enzyme. \u2461 Effect on metal ions. Flavonoids are polyphenolic hydroxyl compounds. The oxygen atom on the adjacent hydroxyl group or carbonyl group serves as a coordinating atom to coordinate with metal ions to form a five- or six-membered complex, thereby removing the catalyst in the chain reaction that triggers the generation of active free radicals. \u2462Influence the free radical chain reaction. Flavonoids react with free radicals through phenolic hydroxyl groups to generate more stable semi-aldehyde free radicals, thereby terminating the free radical chain reaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. Antibacterial and antiviral flavonoids have antibacterial and antiviral effects. Their antitoxic activity is closely related to their non-glycoside complex structure and C-3 hydroxylation. Flavonoids can inhibit viruses such as human syncytial virus and HIV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3. Anti-cancer and anti-tumor flavonoids have anti-cancer and anti-tumor effects. They mainly achieve anti-tumor purposes by inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing tumor cell apoptosis, inhibiting oncogene expression, etc. Citrus flavonoids can inhibit the spread of squamous cancer cells, gliosarcoma, and malignant melanoma cells. Citrus flavonoids can prevent the replication of benzoin and aflatoxin on the body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4. Anti-inflammation, regulating immune activity. Tissue inflammation is mainly a reaction caused by the release of histamine. This process is usually accompanied by the activation of enzymes such as protein kinase C (PKC), tyrosine kinase (TPK), and phosphatase Az. , the presence of flavonoids can inhibit the activity of these enzymes in cells, thereby hindering the release of histamine and playing an anti-inflammatory role. Flavonoids have obvious selectivity for threonine, serine protein kinase and tyrosine protein kinase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
5. Treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Flavonoids have calcium antagonistic effects and inhibit platelet aggregation by affecting the metabolic process of arachidonic acid. A large number of clinical studies believe that flavonoids have anti-thrombotic effects and can effectively treat high blood pressure and prevent heart disease by enhancing the function of skin cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
6. Detoxify and protect liver. Flavonoids have the effect of detoxifying and protecting liver. Researchers believe that its liver-protecting mechanism may be related to the membrane stabilizing effect of flavonoids, which can effectively inhibit lipid peroxidation in the body and play a role in liver protection and detoxification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
7. Affect endocrine and metabolism. Flavonoids can interact with hormone-transport proteins to inhibit the activity of certain related enzymes, thereby changing the concentration of certain hormones in tissues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8. Protection of Vitamin C Flavonoids can serve as antioxidants for Vitamin C. The protective effect of flavonoids on vitamin C is closely related to its structural groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u3010Extraction Method\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. Water extraction method Water extraction method is limited to extracting flavonoids. During the extraction process, factors such as the amount of water added, extraction temperature, extraction time and extraction times are mainly considered. For example, in the study of the water extraction process of total flavonoids from honeysuckle leaves, an orthogonal experiment was conducted using four factors: water bath temperature, solvent amount, extraction times, and extraction time. The results showed that 16 times the amount of water, 90\u00b0C water bath reflux, extraction 4 times, each time 1h is the process. This process is low-cost and safe, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production. However, due to the high polarity of water, it is easy to leach out water-soluble components such as proteins and sugars, making the extracted liquid prone to spoilage when stored, which is a waste for subsequent processing. Separation brings difficulties, but if the extract is directly used as raw material to produce preparations or beverages, it is still a preferable extraction method because the cost of consuming solvents is lower than other methods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. Alkaline water or alkaline dilute alcohol extraction method. Most flavonoids have phenolic hydroxyl groups. Therefore, they can be leached with alkaline water or alkaline dilute alcohol, and the flavonoids can be obtained after acidification. The main alkaline solutions used are dilute sodium hydroxide and lime water calcium hydroxide aqueous solutions. The leaching ability of sodium hydroxide aqueous solution is high, but the large number of impurities is not conducive to purification. Lime water can precipitate some tannins or water-soluble impurities to form calcium salt precipitation, which is beneficial to the purification of the leaching solution, but the leaching effect is not as good as that of sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. At the same time, some flavonoids can combine with calcium to form insoluble substances and will not be dissolved. . Generally, different alkaline solutions can be used according to different raw materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3. Organic solvent extraction method This is the most widely used method at home and abroad. Organic solvents mainly include ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, ether, etc. This method is mainly used to extract flavonoids with dominant fat-soluble groups. It requires simple equipment and has high product yield, but the cost is high and the impurity content is also high. Common methods can be divided into three methods: cold soaking method, percolation method and reflux method. The cold soaking method does not require heating, but it takes a long time and has low efficiency. The osmotic reel method maintains a certain concentration difference, so the extraction efficiency is higher and the impurities in the immersion liquid are less, but it takes a long time, uses a large amount of solvent, and is troublesome to operate. The reflux method is efficient. It is higher and faster than the cold soaking method and the seepage reel method, but it contains raw materials that are easily damaged by heat, so this method should not be used. Different methods are used according to the characteristics of different raw materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4. Enzymatic extraction process The enzymatic extraction process is based on the traditional extraction method. According to the composition of the cell wall of the botanical medicinal materials, the enzyme reaction is highly specific and other characteristics are used to select the corresponding enzyme to dissolve the components of the cell wall. Or degrade, destroy the structure of the cell wall, fully expose the active ingredients, dissolve, suspend or gel dissolve in the solvent, thereby achieving the purpose of extracting the active ingredients in the cells.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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